Look at the statements inside of the loop body. Are there any that do exactly the same thing for each iteration of the loop?

A good answer might be:

Yes, these two statements:

      int radius = (width/10)/2;      // the diameter is width/10
      int Y      = height/2 - radius; // the top edge of the squares

There is no need to compute radius for each iteration of the loop. It will be "15" each time. The same for Y, the top edge of the squares. It is always the same. These two statments can be moved outside of the loop, as in the following version of the applet, and it will do exactly the same thing. (Of course, you have to adjust the indenting.)

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;

// Assume that the drawing area is 300 by 150.
// Draw ten red circles side-by-side across the drawing area.
public class tenCircles extends Applet
{
  final int width = 300, height = 150;

  public void paint ( Graphics gr )
  { 
    gr.setColor( Color.red );
    int radius = (width/10)/2;      // the diameter is width/10
    int Y      = height/2 - radius; // the top edge of the squares

    int count =  0 ;
    while (  count < 10  )
    {
      int X      = count*(width/10);  // the left edge of each of 10
                                      // squares across the area
      gr.drawOval( X, Y, 2*radius, 2*radius );
      count = count + 1; 
    }

  }
}

This version is somewhat better than the previous version because needless computations are avoided. If the loop iterated millions of times (not unusual in larger programs) moving some statements outside the loop might make the program run faster.

QUESTION 15:

In the above program (or the previous) what is the effect of changing the statement

int radius = (width/10)/2

int radius = 10 ?